Books
Forgotten Values: The World Bank
and Environmental Partnerships
Multi-stakeholder partnerships have become an increasingly common form of global governance. Partnerships, usually between international organizations (IOs) or state agencies and such private actors as NGOs, businesses, and academic institutions, have even been promoted as the gold standard of good governance—participatory, innovative, and well-funded. And yet these partnerships often fail to live up to the values that motivated their establishment. In this book, Teresa Kramarz examines this gap between promise and performance by analyzing partnerships in biodiversity conservation initiatives launched by the World Bank.
Kramarz reviews World Bank biodiversity partnerships over a twenty-year period, with in-depth studies of two: the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund and the Global Invasive Species Program. She finds that partnerships fall short when established in the shadow of a large, mature bureaucracy. Bureaucrats have trouble relinquishing control, and they distrust partners who do not abide by set policies and procedures. The partnership's potential contribution to biodiversity conservation succumbs to the goals of bureaucratic efficiency. Kramarz develops a theoretical framework to explain the gap between values and practice, combining rationalist and constructivist approaches. Viewing World Bank biodiversity partnerships through this theoretical lens, she shows how the World Bank's risk aversion, hierarchy, focus on rules and procedures, and division of labor have a significant influence on partnership outcomes.
Populist Moments and Extractivist States
in Venezuela and Ecuador: The People’s Oil?
This book addresses the intersection of extractivism, populism, and accountability. Although populist politics are often portrayed as a driver of poor environmental governance, Populist Moments and Extractivist States identifies it as an intervening variable at best – one that emerges in response to the accountability deficits of extractive states. Case studies in Venezuela – for many, the prototypical petrostate – and Ecuador – which exchanged agribusiness dependency for oil decades later – illustrate how extractive states are oriented by a colonial logic of export and service. This logic regulates state-society-nature relationships and circumscribes avenues for local stakeholders to hold public officials and extractive industries to account for environmental and human harms. Populist moments of the early 21st century across Latin America responded to these conditions, promising more equitable and sustainable futures. However, rather than reversing the technocracy, verticalism, and exclusion of the recent past, populist moments often intensified and legitimated them in the drive to maximize and distribute resource rents. The result has been cyclical, as populist moments of hope and rupture fall prey to the extractivist states they tried, and failed, to replace.
Global Environmental Governance
and the Accountability Trap
The rapid development of global environmental governance has been accompanied by questions of accountability. Efforts to address what has been called “a culture of unaccountability” include greater transparency, public justification for governance decisions, and the establishment of monitoring and enforcement procedures. And yet, as this volume shows, these can lead to an “accountability trap”—a focus on accountability measures rather than improved environmental outcomes. Through analyses and case studies, the contributors consider how accountability is being used within global environmental governance and if the proliferation of accountability tools enables governance to better address global environmental deterioration. Examining public, private, voluntary, and hybrid types of global environmental governance, the volume shows that the different governance goals of the various actors shape the accompanying accountability processes. These goals—from serving constituents to reaping economic benefits—determine to whom and for what the actors must account.
After laying out a theoretical framework for its analyses, the book addresses governance in the key areas of climate change, biodiversity, fisheries, and trade and global value chains. The contributors find that normative biases shape accountability processes, and they explore the potential of feedback mechanisms between institutions and accountability rules for enabling better governance and better environmental outcomes.
Contributors Graeme Auld, Harro van Asselt, Cristina Balboa, Lieke Brouwer, Lorraine Elliott, Lars H. Gulbrandsen, Aarti Gupta, Teresa Kramarz, Susan Park, Philipp Pattberg, William H. Schaedla, Hamish van der Ven, Oscar Widerberg
Special Issues Editor
Kramarz, Teresa and Susan Park (2017). “Accountability, Policy and Environmental Governance,” Special Issue Editors of Review of Policy Research, 34 (1).
Park, Susan and Teresa Kramarz (2016). “Accountability in Global Environmental Governance,” Special Section editors of Global Environmental Politics 16 (2).
Journal Articles
Park, Susan, Teresa Kramarz and Craig Johnson (2024) “Governance Gaps and Accountability Traps in Renewables Extractivism” Environmental Policy and Governance
Kramarz, Teresa, Maria Victoria Arias, Tomas Allan, Melisa Escosteguy, Donald Kingsbury and Lucas Seghezzo (2024) “Redundancies, Layers, and Dilemmas: Comparing Private Standards and Public Regulations in Lithium Mining” The Extractive Industries and Society, 18
Johnson, Craig, Teresa Kramarz, Matthew McBurney and Yojana Miraya Oscco (2023) “Accumulation through Destabilization: Manufacturing Indigenous Consent for Industrial Mining in Latin America” Journal of Peasant Studies.
Mason, Michael, Lena Partzsch and Teresa Kramarz (2023) “The Devil is in the Detail: The Need for a Decolonizing Turn and Better Accountability in Global Supply Chain Regulations: A Comment” Regulation and Governance, 17
Kramarz, Teresa, and Donald Kingsbury (2022), “Climate Action and Populism of the Left in Ecuador.” Environmental Politics, 31 (5).
Kramarz, Teresa, Michael Mason, Lena Partzsch (2022), “Proxy-led Accountability for Natural Resource Extraction in Rentier States.” Environmental Politics, 32 (1).
Kramarz, Teresa (2021), “Extractive Industry Disasters and Community Responses: A Typology of Vulnerable Subjects.” Environmental Politics 31 (1).
Kramarz, Teresa, Susan Park and Craig Johnson (2021), “Governing the Dark Side of Renewable Energy: A Typology of Global Displacements.” Energy Research in the Social Sciences, 74
Park, Susan, Teresa Kramarz, Craig Johnson and Stacy VanDeveer (2019), “Globalizing the Global Green New Deal: Harmful Extractives in the Green Energy Shift,” in The Green New Deal: Pathways to a Low Carbon Economy. Public Administration Review Bully Pulpit Symposium.
Kingsbury, Donald, Teresa Kramarz, and Kyle Jacques (2019). “Populism or Petrostate? The Afterlives of Ecuador’s Yasuní-ITT Initiative.” Society and Natural Resources, 32 (5).
Kramarz, Teresa (2018). “Using the Courts to Protect the Environment in Argentina: Accountability Pitfalls When Judges Have the Last Word.” Case Studies in the Environment, 2 (1).
Kramarz, Teresa, and Susan Park (2017). “The Politics of Environmental Accountability.” Review of Policy Research, 34 (1).
Kramarz, Teresa, David Cosolo and Alejandro Rossi (2017). “The Judicialization of Environmental Policy and the Decline of Democratic Accountability.” Review of Policy Research, 34 (1).
Kramarz, Teresa, and Susan Park (2016). “Accountability in Global Environmental Governance: A Meaningful Tool for Action?” Global Environmental Politics, 16 (2).
Kramarz, Teresa (2015). “World Bank Partnerships and the Promise of Democratic Governance.” Environmental Policy and Governance, 26 (1).
Kramarz, Teresa and Bessma Momani (2013). “The World Bank as Knowledge Bank: Analyzing the Limits of a Legitimate Global Knowledge Actor.” Review of Policy Research, 30 (4)
Kramarz, Teresa (2008). “International Organizations and Public-Private Partnerships for Biodiversity Conservation: From Policy Entrepreneurs to Norm Entrepreneurs?” In Global Tensions Global Possibilities: Everyday Forces of Conformity and Contestation. Institute on Globalization and the Human Condition, Globalization Working Paper Series, 8 (2).
Student co-authors underlined
Book Chapters
Kramarz, Teresa (2023) “Extractive industry disasters and community responses: a typology of vulnerable subjects,” in The Politics of 21st Century Environmental Disasters, edited by Susan Park. New York: Routledge. (Reprint)
Agrawal, Atharv, Jonathan Banfield, Suehyun Cho, Teresa Kramarz and Eric Zhao (2021) “Community Vulnerability to Extractive Industry Disasters,” in The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures, edited by Robert Brears. London: Palgrave Macmillan
Kramarz, Teresa (2020) “Broad and Deep Transformations,” in Towards a Just Ecological Transition in the European Union, edited by César Luena and Antonio Estella. Madrid: Catarata.
Kramarz, Teresa, and Susan Park (2019) “Identifying Multiple Accountabilities in Global Environmental Governance,” in Global Environmental Governance and the Accountability Trap, edited by Susan Park and Teresa Kramarz. Boston: MIT Press
Park, Susan, and Teresa Kramarz. (2019) “Does Accountability Matter for Global Environmental Governance?” in Global Environmental Governance and the Accountability Trap, edited by Susan Park and Teresa Kramarz. Boston: MIT Press
Kramarz, Teresa and Bessma Momani (2018) “Knowledge and Learning in the World Bank: Assessing the Role, Challenges and Prospects for a More Accountable IFI,” in John Kirton and Marina Larionova (editors), Accountability for Effectiveness in Global Summit Governance, Global Governance Series. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing.
Kramarz, Teresa (2012). “Partnerships in Global Environmental Governance: The Growth of a Procedural Norm without Substance” in Roldan Muradian and Laura Rival (editors), Governing the Provision of Ecosystem Services. New York: Springer.
Student co-authors underlined
Climate Magazine:
We Did It !?
Hoffmann, Matthew, Steven Bernstein, Teresa Kramarz, eds. “We Did It!? A Future History of Net Zero in Canada.” Volume 1. Environmental Governance Lab, University of Toronto. Available at https://wedidit2050.ca
Kramarz, Teresa (2023), “Thirsty,” in We Did It!? A Future History of Net Zero in Canada, Hoffmann, Matthew, Steven Bernstein, Teresa Kramarz, eds. Environmental Governance Lab, University of Toronto. Volume 1, 20-23. Available at https://wedidit2050.ca
Non-Refereed Reports:
Arias Mahiques, Victoria, Allan, Tomas, Escosteguy, Melisa, Kramarz, Teresa, and Kingsbury, Donald (2024). “Convergence, Divergence or Mixed-Results? A comparison Between Private and Public Rules Governing Lithium Mining in Argentina.” Fundar, Argentina. Available at https://fund.ar/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Fundar_Convergence-divergence-or-mixed-results_A-comparison-between-private-and-public-rules-governing-lithium-mining-in-Argentina-1.pdf (Accessed July 4, 2024)
Kramarz, Teresa (2022). “The Renewable Energy Transition has an Extractivism Problem.” World Politics Review. November 15. Available at: https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/environmental-impact-mining-extractivism-green-energy-transition/. (Accessed November 20, 2022]
Kramarz, Teresa (2019). “Curricular Review of Global Politics.” Report for the International Baccalaureate Organization. The Hague, Netherlands.
Kramarz, Teresa (2017). “Internationalizing the Domestic Curriculum: Global Classrooms at the University of Toronto.” Teaching Fellowship Report, University of Toronto.
Kramarz, Teresa and Jeff Burrows (2014). “Woodsworth One: Assessment of a First-Year Program’s Impact on Academic Engagement.” Program Evaluation for Woodsworth College, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto.
Kramarz, Teresa, Ben Donato-Woodger, and Kristen Pue (2014). “Accountability in Global Environmental Governance.” Workshop Report. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto. Available at: http://www.earthsystemgovernance.org/publication/kramarz-teresa-accountability-global-environmental-governance. [Accessed: 9 June 2014].
Recent Invited Lectures
“Dilemmas of Sustainability: Green Energy Transition and Extractivism in the Global South,” Special Lecture, University of Marburg, Germany, July 10, 2024
“Javier Milei and Argentina’s Collapse” Extractivism Talks, University of Kassel, Germany, July 8, 2024.
“What if We Get This Transition Right?” The Transition Accelerator, panel presentation, Transition Accelerator, online. April 22, 2024
“Energy Disasters and Vulnerable Communities” Public Lecture of the Urban Water Seminar Series, Toronto Metropolitan University, February 13, 2024
“University of Toronto Where You Are: Can Electric Vehicles Save the Planet?” panel presentation, University of Toronto Global Advancement, Delta Hotel, Toronto. November 29, 2023
“Violence And Friction on the Extractive Frontier: Community Responses to Industrial Mining in Ecuador and Perú,” presentation at the School of Environment, University of Toronto. February 13, 2023.
“Critical Minerals Supply Chains: Transnational Standards and Regulations” presentation at the University of San Martin, Buenos Aires, Argentina. October 22, 2022
Invited speaker in the Workshop “Rare Earths in the Just Transition: Connecting Global Inequalities in REE Commodity Chains.” September 14, 2022
“Transitions to Renewable Energy,” presentation at the Business School of the University of San Martin, Argentina. September 9, 2022
“Governing the Dark Side of Renewable Energy: From Global Displacements to Accountability for a Sustainable Transition,” presentation at the School of the Environment, University of Toronto. April 11, 2022.
Commentator of David Miller’s new book “Solved: How the World’s Great Cities are Fixing the Climate Crisis,” School of Cities and Environmental Governance Lab. November 25, 2020. Available here https://youtu.be/BWwtyLl0PKw
Commentator of “What does a just transition look like in a time of pandemic?” Environmental Governance Lab. November 24, 2020. Available here: https://youtu.be/QMEBeW9A_Fo
“Book Launch: Forgotten Values: The World Bank and Environmental Partnerships,” Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy. October 27, 2020. Available at: https://youtu.be/fICeMUIUeMs
“Climate Change and Communities: Lessons from Some of the World’s Most Vulnerable.” Presentation at American University Center for Environmental Policy. November 4, 2020 Available at https://youtu.be/L5k2a2yNfnQ
Expert witness, European Parliament hearing on the future EU-UK relationship. Brussels, Belgium. October 12, 2020
“Global Classrooms,” Presenter at the Center for International Experience, University of Toronto. July 28, 2020.
“Forgotten Values: The World Bank and Environmental Partnerships” Institut Barcelona Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona, Spain. July 6, 2020. Available at https://youtu.be/C8vU66ODfm4
“The World Bank, Bureaucratic Rationality and the Promise of Environmental Partnerships,” Presentation to the Permanent Seminar, Carlos III-Juan March Institute, Madrid, Spain. March 6, 2020
“Towards a Fair Ecological Transition in the European Union,” Keynote Speaker, European Parliament, Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Madrid. November 15, 2019
“Gender, Diversity and Public Policy” Invited Speaker to Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy conference. April 15, 2019,
“Digging Deeper,” Invited Speaker to Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy Conference, Toronto. March 5, 2019
“Mining for Renewable Energy,” Invited Speaker to the Special Panel on Climate Change and Global Governance, organized by the Center for International Policy Studies (CIPS), University of Ottawa. February 28, 2019.
“Green Courts to the Rescue,” Keynote Speaker in the Environmental Governance Summer Institute: Metrics of Sustainability and Critical Studies of Accountability, University of Toronto., July 13, 2018
“Sustainable Pedagogies,” Invited Speaker at the Environmental Humanities and German Studies, 11th Annual Toronto German Studies Symposium, University of Toronto. April 12, 2018.
“Populism or Petrostate? The Afterlives of Yasuni ITT’s Initiative in Ecuador,” Paper presentation, Environmental Governance Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. March 16, 2018.
Model Diplomacy Simulation: “Climate Change Post Paris Agreement.” Organizer and facilitator, University of Toronto Schools. February 6, 2018.
“Careers in Sustainability.” Moderator, Master of Global Affairs, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. October 18, 2017.
“Global Classrooms.” Presenter at the Community of Practice on Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto. February 3, 2017
“Global Classrooms.” Presenter at the Center for Teaching Support and Innovation, University of Toronto. October 17, 2016 and June 26, 2017.
“Careers in Sustainability,” Panel moderator for Master of Global Affairs Career Week. University of Toronto. October 19, 2016
“Simulations and Small-Scale Experiential Learning: Practice, Application and Experience.” Presenter at the Tri-Campus Teaching Assistance Training Day, University of Toronto. August 31, 2016.
“Orwell’s Animal Farm and the Importance of Active Citizenship.” Keynote Speaker for #OrwellArt Gallery, Metro City Hall, Toronto. May 31, 2016.
“Small Scale Experiential Learning.” Presenter and facilitator at the Faculty of Arts and Science Community of Practice on Teaching and Learning, University of Toronto.
“Urban Water Security: Moving Towards Sustainable Strategies.” Moderator of an expert panel debate on global and local water challenges. Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. April 1, 2016.
“Accountability in Global Environmental Governance.” Invited to present in a series of special lectures at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Cornell University Department of Natural Resources, Balsille School of International Affairs and University of Toronto Environmental Governance Lab. February 22-26, 2016.
“Characteristics of Wicked Problems and Goal-Oriented versus Systems-Thinking Project Development,” Global Ideas Institute, University of Toronto. December 3, 2014.
“Is Cooperation Possible in Global Affairs?” Spur Festival, Toronto. April 4, 2014.
“The World Bank and Environmental Governance,” University of Toronto. March 25, 2013.
“Diplomacy in Global Affairs,” University of Toronto. November 15, 2013.
“Teaching and Learning: Instruction and Experiential Learning Strategies.” Youth engagement training for UNICEF volunteers. Toronto. November 14, 2013.
“The World Bank’s Partnerships for the Environment,” University of Toronto. March 21, 2013.
“The World Bank: Bureaucratic Rule and Partnerships for the Environment,” Woodsworth College Alumni Association, Toronto. March 6, 2013.
“Public-Private Partnerships and Development Studies,” University of Lausanne, Switzerland. November 22, 2012.
Selected Conference Papers and Workshops
2024 - Paper This Time it will be Different: Derisking Development in the South American Lithium Triangle, Comparing Extractivist Regimes: Natural Resources in the Global Path Towards Sustainability. Extractivism International Conference, University of Kassel, Germany
2024 - Global Commons Working Group Member on Critical Minerals, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy Working Group, Georgetown University, Washington DC
2024 - ISA-CPSA Presidential Roundtable Presentation on Critical Mineral’s Governance Challenges, International Studies Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, USA
2024 - Paper Redundancies, Complementarities, and Dilemmas: Private Standards and Public Rules for Mining Lithium in Argentina, International Studies Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, USA
2024 - Paper The Unbearable Lightness of Critical Minerals Governance International Studies Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, USA
2024 - Paper Energy Disasters and the Construction of Vulnerable Subjects, International Studies Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, USA
2023-24 - Annual Working Group Member Uncertain Worlds: Comparative Perspectives on Risk, Jackman Humanities Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
2023 - Roundtable presentation Critical Minerals, Green Technology, and Climate Change, International Studies Association Annual Conference, Montreal, Canada.
2023 - Paper Violence and Friction on the Extractive Frontier: Community Responses to Industrial Mining in Ecuador and Peru, Earth Systems Governance Conference, Toronto (with Craig Johnson)
2021 - Paper Governance Gaps and Accountability Traps in the Global Shift to Renewable Energy, International Studies Association Annual Conference, (with Craig Johnson and Susan Park), online,
2021 - Paper Slow Violence and Community Vulnerabilities: An Analysis of Community Responses to Mining in Peru and Ecuador, Working Group on Post/Extractive Futures, Memorial University of Newfoundland and the University of Toronto. Paper (with Craig Johnson, Matthew McBurney and Yojana Miraya Oscco):
2020 - Paper Proxy Accountability for Natural Resource Extraction in Transitional States, Political Ecology Network (POLLEN) Conference, Brighton, UK. (with Michael Mason and Lena Partzsch)
2020 - Paper: The World Bank, Bureaucratic Rationality and the Promise of Environmental Partnerships., Permanent Seminar Series, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain.
2020 - Paper: Who Orchestrates? The World Bank and its Partners in Biodiversity Conservation., Barcelona Workshop in Global Governance, Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals, Barcelona, Spain.
2019 - Paper: Slow Violence and Resilience, Environmental Disasters 2019 Symposium. Sydney Environment Institute, University of Sydney.
2019 - Paper: Governing the Dark Side of Renewable Energy, Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Toronto, Canada.
2018 - Paper: Populism or Petrostate? The Afterlives of Ecuador’s Yasuní-ITT Initiative., Annual Conference on Earth System Governance, Utrecht University, Netherlands.
2018 - Paper: Extracting Local Costs for Global Environmental Benefits., Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, San Francisco, CA.
2017 - Paper: Fracking Argentina, Annual Conference on Earth System Governance, University of Lund, Sweden.
2015 - Papers: “Conceptualizing Accountability in Global Environmental Governance: Can Multiple Priorities Coexist?” and “The Judge has the Last Word: The Judicialization of Environmental Governance and the Decline of Democratic Accountability in Argentina,” Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA.
2014 - Paper: “Transatlantic Varieties of IR: Domestic Experience and the Study of the International,” Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Toronto, Canada.
2011 - Paper: “World Bank Alliances.” Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Montreal, QC, Canada.
2010 - Paper: “Partnerships in Global Environmental Governance: The Growth of a Procedural Norm Without Substance.” International Society of Ecological Economics, Universities of Bremen and Oldenburg, Germany.
2010 - Paper: “Testing the Knowledge Bank,” Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, LA, USA.
2008 - Paper: “Norm Contestation and Biodiversity Governance,” Business Influence in Environmental Governance, University of Oslo, Center for Environment and Development.
2008 - Paper: “International Organizations and Public-Private Partnerships,” Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, San Diego, CA, USA.
2007 - Paper: “Partnerships: Analyzing Contestation and Normative Outcomes,” Annual Convention of the Northeast Political Science Association, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
2007 - Paper: “The Public-Private Partnerships of International Organizations,” Conference on Global Tensions. McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
2000 - Paper: “Global Results of an Assessment of Non-Annex 1 Parties’ Capacity to Implement the United Nations Convention on Climate Change” Global Environment Facility Delegation presenting at the meeting of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and Implementation (SBSTA), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn, Germany